A tug of war over Bitcoinâs future is becoming more ferocious.Â
This battle, pitting corporate interests seeking to profit from the Bitcoin systemâs disruptive potential against an anti-corporatist dream for a human-first financial system that bypasses institutional middlemen, has been in play for some time. But with bitcoinâs latest price rally, the fight has intensified.Â
Now, Wall Streetâs heavyweights are moving in. And to many who hail from Bitcoinâs âcypherpunkâ roots, those guys are the enemy.Â
The engagement of Fidelity, Citibank, BlackRock and now MassMutual need not be the death knell for a humanist Bitcoin dream. Thereâs still a pathway to a fairer, more open, inclusive financial model, even with those institutions increasingly investing in and engaging with bitcoin services. But the route to that idealized future is less direct and, inevitably, involves more intense competition.Â
Itâs also not clear whether these competing visions can coexist in the long run. Either way, in the medium term â which may last decades â the tensions will persist and intensify. Who ultimately wins, and how, is what matters.Â
To be clear, many long-term enthusiasts for bitcoin are cheering the arrival of these big names.Â
Partly thatâs because their participation has boosted the cryptocurrencyâs price, which keeps bitcoin HODLers happy. Itâs also because these newcomers are finally comprehending the core value proposition for investing in bitcoin as a digitally scarce store of value. That offers vindication for all whoâve been telling this story for the better part of a decade.Â
But thereâs still an inherent conflict between the interests of regulated, compliance-conscious institutions, which will support the imposition of regulations and controls to ease their own participation in it, and those that see such rules and constraints as exclusionary barriers to entry for a wider swath of humanity.
A lightning rod here is KYC and AML, the âknow-your-customerâ and âanti-money launderingâ rules that compel banks to collect identifying records for all their account holders.Â
This system means everywhere that Bitcoin touches the legacy financial system, which it will increasingly do as more big name companies and financial institutions are drawn to it, there is growing pressure for crypto service providers to impose KYC and, in turn to avoid dealing with others who donât. (See: the crypto âTravel Rule.â).Â
The problem is not only that KYC runs counter to the cypherpunk ethos of privacy. As we discussed in a recent Money Reimagined podcast, this requirement can seriously hurt the goals of financial inclusion and innovation.Â
Raoul Pal, CEO of RealVision and influential global macro investor, found himself in the middle of this fight recently after he tweeted to bitcoiners that KYC is in their interest because it will bring institutional money into the asset and boost its value. As someone with an account bearing the name SexyWebCamPro100x noted in one of more than 700 replies to that remark, the tweet begged for a meme of someone kicking a hornetâs nest.
Pal is an influential thinker about Bitcoinâs place in the future financial system. So we invited him onto this weekâs âMoney Reimaginedâ podcast to discuss his brawl with Crypto Twitter. For balance, we also invited CoinDesk columnist Jill Carlson, who, among other roles, is a founder of the Open Money Initiative, which focuses on boosting financial access and economic freedom for underserved communities.Â
Pal offered a nuanced explanation of his position. He said while his point was partly about allowing both bitcoin HODLers and institutions to âget rich,â it was also that for the Bitcoin system to be a transformative force it needs the ânetwork effectâ of more money coming into the space, which in turn requires institution-friendly regulation.Â
âFor people to realize their ambitions that itâs a stateless money ⦠for it to be adopted by people who live within the confines of a sovereign state, unfortunately it will have to be regulated and thereâs almost nothing we can do about it,â Pal said.
Some might see a contradiction: for Bitcoin to realize its power as a âstatelessâ network, the state must exercise more control over it. But Palâs point is about sequencing. He says we need to first go through a process of official accommodation within the existing system to advance Bitcoinâs journey along âMetcalfeâs Law.â Once it becomes a ubiquitous network, then it is in a position to properly challenge that system.Â
Indeed, as Carlson pointed out, the positive thing, for those who believe in Bitcoinâs disruptive potential, is that âyouâre not going to implement KYC and AML at the protocol level.â Since âthere is nothing inherent to Bitcoin that can be regulated, enforced or controlled in that way,â it can at that level always resist official coercion.Â
But she also worried that the ever-growing encroachment of compliance requirements on applications built on top of that protocol impedes access to it among marginalized and financially excluded people.Â
Carlson cited how LocalBitcoins, a peer-to-peer exchange network that was once a âgateway to economic freedomâ in places that impose capital controls and other forms of monetary repression, has âincreasingly come under scrutiny and has to institute more and more KYC and AML standards and protocols.â She added, âThatâs problematic where we are talking about people who donât have any identity or are unbanked and are refugees and so forth.âÂ
So, where does this go?Â
Following Palâs trajectory, we must first see expanded ownership of bitcoin as an asset, during which its price will drive dramatically higher before eventually reaching stability. Only then can it accommodate a broader set of use cases.
One idea is that universal acceptance will then provide network effect benefits to âlayer 2â solutions such as Lightning, which could enable lightweight, low-cost transactions for all.Â
Another is that universal bitcoin acceptance as a store-of-value lets it evolve into a programmable social reserve asset, which then becomes a form of smart, automatically executable collateral upon which innovative new forms of borrowing, lending and insurance are built. In theory, it could replace fiat sovereign assets such as U.S. Treasury notes and bonds as the building block for a global financial system, one that would presumably be more decentralized, with less friction and cost, more innovation and greater accessibility. Â
But does that mean those seeking positive, humanistic change must just wait their turn? Must they first let Wall Street have its fill? And what guarantee is there that just because it becomes an institutionalized asset it also becomes a tool for payments and financial access?
Itâs hard to say. As Pal noted in our podcast interview, âThe reality is that what we want [Bitcoin] to be, as individuals, is irrelevant. Itâs a network that lives and breathes and does its thing.â
All thatâs true. But individuals also have the capacity to organize and, for better or worse, the capacity to lobby governments to introduce rules that influence the evolution of these networked systems.
Which is why this tug of war must continue.
LETâS BE FRANC. The Swiss National Bankâs straightlaced central bankers run a predictable, transparent and generally respected monetary policy. So they might chafe at a comparison to Chinaâs policymakers, who oversee a rather opaque, government-mandated system of capital controls and centralized interest rates. But according to this Bloomberg article, it looks as if Switzerland could earn the same âcurrency manipulatorâ label that the U.S. Treasury Department put on China in a politically charged move last year. In theory, the U.S. could consider sanctions if a country is deemed to be using its currency for unfair trade advantages. Switzerland has been actively intervening to hold down the value of the Swiss franc since 2011, when the euro crisis prompted huge inflows of safe haven-seeking money into the countryâs economy.Â
The U.S. would be more within its rights to call Switzerland a currency manipulator than it was with China. (The Treasury Dept. removed the designation from China earlier this year.) Switzerland is explicitly using its money-printing powers to alter the value of its currency with the goal of making its businesses more competitive. China used to do the same thing a decade ago. But at the time of the Treasury designation it was going the other way: intervening to strengthen the yuan against the dollar. Still, you can hardly blame Switzerland from trying to inculcate its relatively small economy from forces outside of its control in the much larger currency zone across its borders.Â
The U.S. may well be sympathetic to that argument, and would refrain from applying sanctions. But, as the article points out, the risk to the Swiss National Bank is that currency speculators would see the designation as an excuse to test the central bankâs resolve. Might this lead to an even bigger influx of traders looking to push the Swiss franc higher on the bet that a now politically anxious SNB will hesitate to buy euros or dollars to stop the franc from appreciating? Maybe. But thereâs a bigger picture problem here, one that plays into our future of money thesis.Â
The SNBâs problems in managing a currency speaks to a wider set of risks where investors are growing nervous about expansionary monetary policy and growing fiscal debts within the worst global economic environment since the Great Depression. Switzerlandâs experience offers lessons, where letter-of-the-law U.S. policymaking could provoke unforeseen consequences in currency markets. Were this to play out on a more global scale, with bigger and more numerous economies involved, we could have ourselves an international currency war. And in that environment, the only safe place to go is into an apolitical, independent store of value. Historically, that role has belonged to gold. Now, many are arguing, itâs bitcoinâs turn.Â
AIRBNBUBBLE. Speaking of lessons, what can we learn from the remarkable turnaround at Airbnb? The home rental business looked doomed as travel ground to a halt in March when the reality of the COVID-19 pandemic set in. Yet, here it is, nine months later, launching an initial public offering that initially valued the company at $47 billion but saw it rise to $100 billion by the end of its first day of trading on Thursday. During a live CNN interview that was timed for the opening of the stock market, CEO Brian Chesky heard for the first time that the sharesâ opening price was $139, almost twice the dealâs $68 level. He looked stunned. âI donât know what to say,â he said.
Good answer. Because it doesnât make a lot of rational sense in terms of valuation. (Airbnbâs net loss for the first nine months of the year was $697 million.) To me, this tells us two things: 1) âQE infinityâ by the Federal Reserve has created so much liquidity in the hands of hedge funds and other institutions that theyâll chase whatever yield they can, and 2) theyâll deploy that cash whenever they find the right narrative.Â
Itâs kind of a moot point whether Airbnb is truly worth the $100.7 billion market capitalization at which it closed the day. (As The Wall Street Journal noted, thatâs a figure âgreater than the combined market value of Marriott International Inc., Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. and Hyatt Hotels Corp.â) What matters is that cash-flush investors found what they were looking for: a good story.Â
Chesky took some smart moves to, first, mitigate the pandemicâs threat to its business and then, second, discover new opportunities to provide services to people looking to escape crowded, locked-down cities. But what matters is how that story of recovery from a bad situation, a story laid out in this WSJ video, plays out as an idea more than whether it equates to real projected value over time.Â
As weâve noted, elsewhere, stories matter. They especially matter when thereâs lots of unspent money looking for a good one.
How FinCEN Became a Honeypot for Sensitive Personal Data. CoinDeskâs Benjamin Powers goes digging, with experts, lawyers and, repeatedly, with FinCEN itself to find out how the powerful financial crimes enforcement network manages storage of the reams of âsuspicious activity reportsâ it receives from banks. No one was able to give a straight answer. FinCEN, as Ben puts it, has become a honeypot of super-sensitive data.Â
SEC Commissioner Hester Peirce on a Bitcoin ETF, Custody Rules and Whatâs Next for the SEC. The âCrypto Momâ of the SEC confirmed sheâs a straight-talking, pro-crypto maverick. When Nathaniel Whittemore asked, âWhen bitcoin ETF?â during his âBreakdownâ podcast, Peirce replied: âThe standard that we set out to approve a bitcoin exchange-traded product is one thatâs not consistent with what weâve done in the past [and] is not consistent with our statutory guidelines for what we are supposed to do. Youâve got to look at these on their facts and circumstances, but I donât understand why we donât already have one.âÂ
Ethereum Far Outpaces Bitcoin in Developer Activity in 2020: Electric Capital Report. Developer activity is a vital metric for assessing the value of a network. So itâs really significant that by far the highest engagement among blockchains is found with Ethereum. Per an article on Electric Capitalâs annual developer report by Brady Dale, Ethereumâs active developer count stood at 2,300 in the third quarter, compared with second-place Bitcoinâs number of 400. Now, the comparison is a bit apples to oranges because Ethereum is a multi-use case platform whereas Bitcoin is mostly a one-trick pony product, a currency. But there can be no doubt that for all its scaling challenges, Ethereum commands a great deal of enthusiasm among software developers. That, in itself, is cause for confidence.Â
Bitcoin Dissidents: Those Who Need It Most. Out of a really impressive array of profiles in 2020âs âMost Influentialâ list, Iâm choosing to highlight just this one by Anna Baydakova. Unlike the others from this yearâs annual selection, it doesnât focus on a single person but on a class of person, a far-flung international cohort: that of the activist. This was the year in which bitcoinâs role as an instrument of freedom for protestors and other change agents from Lagos to Minsk was brought home. There really is no better expression of its potential.Â